A) in size leading to defragmentation.
B) in connectivity to other habitats.
C) in patch size of the habitat.
D) in the edges of the habitat,leading to edge effects.
E) in species richness,leading to biodiversity.
G) C) and D)
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A) humans have altered habitats.
B) island species have lost the ability to escape predators.
C) humans have introduced competitors.
D) humans have introduced diseases.
E) fewer endemic species are found on islands.
G) A) and B)
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A) may already have gone extinct in the last 100 years.
B) may be threatened with extinction at present.
C) may be considered invasive species.
D) are known to be medicinally useful.
E) have been shown to be keystone species.
G) B) and D)
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A) Populations of flora and fauna have emigrated from the core of their population center to the edge of their habitat.
B) Metapopulations of some of the larger fauna have become more dominant on the landscape and as a result have increased the edge of their habitat.
C) Habitat fragmentations or habitat shrinkage have occurred,and thus the edge of the habitats have increased in size.
D) Habitat fragmentations or habitat shrinkage have occurred,and thus the edge of the habitats have decreased in size.
E) Populations of particular species have decreased and are on the edge of extinction.
G) None of the above
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A) global warming (too much carbon dioxide) had increased the death rates in the newly hatched chicks.
B) the genetic diversity of the falcons was too low to sustain their population level.
C) the falcons had lost much of their habitat due to human developments.
D) the falcon's habitat had been fragmented and the subsequent edge effect affected their ability to hunt for prey items.
E) the levels of DDT in the environment were having a detrimental effect on eggs (causing the eggshells to be too thin) that were being laid by the female falcons.
G) All of the above
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A) the immediate economic gain is worth it,such as in the shrimp farms in Thailand.
B) the long-term problems are minimal,and usually economically minor,it is more of an aesthetic problem than a monetary one.
C) in every case studied the intact habitat is more valuable than the destroyed one.
D) clearing the forest for agriculture,as in Cameroon,provides jobs,housing,and long-term economic benefits.
E) increased invasion in intact habitats renders it worthless within a few years.
G) All of the above
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C
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A) habitat destruction.
B) pollution of the habitat.
C) human disruption of a habitat.
D) agriculture.
E) ecosystem services.
G) A) and E)
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A) Biomagnification of the pollutant DDT in peregrine falcons and a decline in their populations lead to the first successful,large-scale captive breeding program.
B) Captive breeding is sometimes a part of efforts to restore ecosystems to a balanced,functional state.
C) Inbreeding can be a major problem facing captive breeding programs.
D) Despite major efforts to restore California condor populations in the western U.S. ,the program has had limited success because of reduced genetic heterogeneity.
E) Captive breeding is a viable strategy whenever very few individuals of a species remain in the wild.
G) B) and E)
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A) endangered.
B) sensitive.
C) native.
D) endemic.
E) cosmopolitan.
G) C) and D)
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D
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A) Biologists estimate the number of extinctions by conducting annual counts of the most critical flora and fauna and by using past extinctions as models.
B) Biologists estimate the number of extinctions by analyzing habitat loss and studying recorded extinction events.
C) Biologists estimate the number of extinctions by monitoring all populations for births and deaths.
D) Biologists estimate the number of extinctions by constant examination of the fossil record,especially deep marine sediments.
F) None of the above
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A) assumed that climate change is the driving factor.
B) assumed that,in the North American continent,the Ice Age was the driving factor.
C) assumed that the dramatic differences between the ancient megafauna in North America and those found in Africa were the reason that the North American megafauna could not adapt and survive.
D) assumed that the coevolution of African megafauna with humans is the reason they did not go extinct.
E) assumed that the island megafauna mostly drowned in flooding as the icepack melted at the end of the Ice AgE.
G) B) and C)
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A) can now be preserved.
B) have serious pollution problems and are being targeted for cleanup.
C) have high numbers of endemic species and are increasing with introductions.
D) have high numbers of endemic species and are decreasing.
E) have high numbers of invasive species and are struggling to survivE.
G) A) and D)
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A) introduced
B) convergent
C) rare
D) endemic
F) B) and D)
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A) a keystone
B) a synergistic
C) a nominal
D) an introduced
F) All of the above
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A) hotspot
B) habitat loss
C) edge effects
D) megafaunal extinction
E) extinction vortex
G) A) and E)
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A) islands
B) fragments
C) hotspots
D) reserves
F) C) and D)
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C
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A) Gene prospecting
B) Genetic engineering
C) Phenotypic labeling
D) Cloning
F) All of the above
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A) hotspot
B) habitat loss
C) edge effects
D) megafaunal extinction
E) extinction vortex
G) A) and E)
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A) prevent loss of habitats that can be logged or farmed at some future date.
B) prevent loss of habitat leading to edge effects.
C) prevent introduction of invasive species.
D) maintain the genetic diversity of wild relatives of common crops.
E) prevent increased disease spread due to edge effects.
G) C) and D)
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A) their loss would be an aesthetic loss to the planet.
B) of the possibility of numerous medicinal uses.
C) they are keystone species in many areas-their loss will cause other populations to crash.
D) amphibians are very sensitive to environmental change-they may be indicating serious problems.
E) they are increasing to the point of competing with indigenous species.
G) A) and D)
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