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Exam 7: How Cells Harvest Energy

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Question 21

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When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that:

A) NAD⁺ is converted into NADH.
B) ATP is converted into ADP plus a phosphate group.
C) ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group.
D) NADH is converted into NAD⁺ plus a proton.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

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The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria.There are nine biochemical reactions involved in the Krebs cycle, and they are highly ordered.Select the correct order.(Note: These are abbreviated and do not show NAD, ADP, ATP, or FAD.)

A) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate $\rightarrow$ forming citrate $\rightarrow$ which forms beta-ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ which forms succinyl-CoA $\rightarrow$ which forms succinate $\rightarrow$ which forms fumarate $\rightarrow$ which forms malate $\rightarrow$ which forms oxaloacetate
B) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate $\rightarrow$ forming citrate $\rightarrow$ which forms alpha-ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ which forms succinyl-CoA $\rightarrow$ which forms succinate $\rightarrow$ which forms malate $\rightarrow$ which forms fumarate $\rightarrow$ which forms oxaloacetate
C) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate $\rightarrow$ which forms alpha-ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ forming citrate $\rightarrow$ which forms succinyl-CoA $\rightarrow$ which forms succinate $\rightarrow$ which forms fumarate $\rightarrow$ which forms malate $\rightarrow$ which forms oxaloacetate
D) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate $\rightarrow$ forming citrate $\rightarrow$ which forms alpha-ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ which forms succinyl-CoA $\rightarrow$ which forms succinate $\rightarrow$ which forms fumarate $\rightarrow$ which forms malate $\rightarrow$ which forms oxaloacetate

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Question 23

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A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the tracheal cells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane.He has access to the following inhibitors: Rotenone - an electron transport chain inhibitor, Oligomycin - an ATP synthase inhibitor, and TLN-232, an inhibitor of glycolysis.Which inhibitor should he use to slow down initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane?

This process is common to all living cells:

Aerobic respiration involves the transfer of many electrons from glucose to electron carriers such as NAD⁺ over a series of multiple steps.Ultimately though, it is the reaction of glucose with oxygen to generate carbon dioxide, water and energy.Why doesn't glucose react directly with oxygen in cells?

In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called

If ATP synthase had a mutation in the F₁ complex portion of the protein, which function of ATP synthase would most likely be affected?

Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called ____________.

In the reaction: C₄H₆O₄ + FAD $\rightarrow$ C₄H₄O₄ + FADH₂, what type of reaction took place to remove the protons from C₄H₆O₄?

Phosphofructokinase is regulated by a number of factors, including high levels of ATP.Why is this enzyme regulated by ATP levels?

A human cell has a mutation in the gene that encodes the enzyme that generates lactate from pyruvate, rendering that enzyme completely non-functional.Assuming that there is ample glucose present, how would this cell generate energy in the presence of oxygen?

In animals that take in oxygen from their environment, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in a process called

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH produced in aerobic respiration, the net number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, and the fact that NADH molecules produced in the cytoplasm have to be transported into the mitochondria, what is the predicted energy yield of glycolysis in eukaryotic cells?

As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy.How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

Pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotic cells occurs in the ________.

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH and per molecule of FADH₂ produced, and the number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, what is the predicted energy yield of the Krebs cycle, per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells?

What stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present?

Many types of cancer cells have been detected to secrete significant levels of lactate.Do you think these cells are likely undergoing beta-oxidation?

What is common to all of the oxidation reactions in the Krebs cycle?

During what step of glycolysis are two ATP molecules required?