Question 1

When people notice a symptom and interpret it as possibly serious, they more often seek treatment if they

Accepted Answer

A)   feel embarrassed about their illness.
B)   want to avoid a possibly devastating diagnosis.
C)   think the likely benefits of medical attention won't justify the cost and inconvenience.
D)   believe their symptoms have a physical rather than a psychological cause.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 2

The work of Alloy and Abramson (1979)  examined how depressed individuals tend to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions. This phenomenon is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   depressive optimism.
B)   pessimistic exaggeration.
C)   depressive realism.
D)   defensive pessimism.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about happiness and marriage?

Accepted Answer

A)   Marriage is more important than the quality of marriage.
B)   Single women are happier than married women.
C)   Married people report being happier and more satisfied with life.
D)   Marriage and happiness are not linked.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Strack and Coyne (1983)  found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people

Accepted Answer

A)   possessed more accurate self-concepts than they did.
B)   did not appreciate their pessimism.
C)   would welcome their friendship and trust.
D)   were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student. In the context of depressive realism, she would probably

Accepted Answer

A)   be inaccurate in estimating her degree of control in comparison with those not depressed.
B)   have distorted judgements than those nondepressed.
C)   demonstrate the sadder-but-wiser effect.
D)   be below average in intelligence.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 6

Sylvia tends to attribute failures to internal causes stating that it is all her fault. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   defensive pessimism
B)   self-handicapping
C)   confirmation bias
D)   depressive explanatory styleE) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Improvements achieved through changing thought or behavior patterns are most likely to endure if people

Accepted Answer

A)   redesign their behavioral contexts.
B)   report back to their therapist every week.
C)   attribute such changes to factors under their own control.
D)   tie its success to the treatment programs.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you

Accepted Answer

A)   are alone most of the time.
B)   have lost a significant relationship.
C)   have fewer numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D)   are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 9

In the context of psychological approaches to treatment, the circles of depression, loneliness, and shyness can be broken by all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   positive experiences that alter self-perceptions.
B)   social skills training.
C)   changing negative thought patterns.
D)   believing that they will go away.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

Accepted Answer

A)   external.
B)   specific.
C)   internal.
D)   situational.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 11

People are more likely to use sunscreen or get an HIV test when the message is

Accepted Answer

A)   framed attractively.
B)   threatening.
C)   short.
D)   focused on the details of their ill effects.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 12

Identify and explain two social-psychological principles that may be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties.

Accepted Answer

Two social-psychological principles that...

Question 13

"Explanatory style" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   the complexity of one's persuasive arguments.
B)   one's habitual way of describing life events.
C)   the pitch and speed with which one communicates.
D)   whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 14

When Rosenhan and his research associates (1973)  reported to mental hospital admissions offices that they were "hearing voices," most were

Accepted Answer

A)   diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized for two to three weeks.
B)   not diagnosed with a mental illness, since they were in fact normal.
C)   diagnosed with schizophrenia initially but never hospitalized.
D)   diagnosed with schizophrenia initially, hospitalized, but then released after testing revealed that they were normal.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Discuss how the hindsight and the confirmation bias can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias and confirmation bias can...

Question 16

Identify a true statement about loneliness.

Accepted Answer

A)   Loneliness is not genetically influenced.
B)   People affected by loneliness see most things within their control.
C)   Lonely individuals perceive their interactions as making a poor impression.
D)   Loneliness signals people to avoid social connections.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 17

Alloy and Abramson (1979)  had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students

Accepted Answer

A)   were too self-focused to complete the task.
B)   were quite accurate at assessing their control.
C)   exaggerated the extent of their control of the light.
D)   underestimated the extent of their control of the light.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 18

Which of the following statements related to depression is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)   The self-esteem of depression-prone individuals fluctuates more rapidly up with boosts and down with threats.
B)   Depression is a cause, not a result of negative cognitions.
C)   The brooding that comes with short-term depression can be adaptive.
D)   Depression primes people to think about and recall negative life events.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

According to James Maddux, professional clinicians are NOT likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   be the victims of illusory correlation.
B)   suffer from confirmation bias.
C)   be invulnerable to insidious errors and biases.
D)   overestimate their clinical intuition.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 20

Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people

Accepted Answer

A)   exaggerate their control of events around them.
B)   have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C)   take credit for successful outcomes and tend to deny responsibility for failure.
D)   describe themselves primarily positively.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Exam 14: Personality

Discuss how the hindsight and the confirmation bias can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIHindsight bias and confirmation bias can...View AnswerShow Answer

Identify and explain two social-psychological principles that may be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AITwo social-psychological principles that...View AnswerShow Answer

When Rosenhan and his research associates (1973) reported to mental hospital admissions offices that they were "hearing voices," most were

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

"Explanatory style" refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sylvia tends to attribute failures to internal causes stating that it is all her fault. This is an example of _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People are more likely to use sunscreen or get an HIV test when the message is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Strack and Coyne (1983) found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When people notice a symptom and interpret it as possibly serious, they more often seek treatment if they

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of psychological approaches to treatment, the circles of depression, loneliness, and shyness can be broken by all of the following EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify a true statement about loneliness.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Improvements achieved through changing thought or behavior patterns are most likely to endure if people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alloy and Abramson (1979) had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to James Maddux, professional clinicians are NOT likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements related to depression is FALSE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The work of Alloy and Abramson (1979) examined how depressed individuals tend to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions. This phenomenon is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student. In the context of depressive realism, she would probably

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true about happiness and marriage?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Hindsight bias and confirmation bias can...
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Two social-psychological principles that...
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